Impact of a Leadership Program on University Students: Do Learning Modes Matter?

Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the online and face-to-face formats of a course-based Positive Youth Development (PYD) program, “Tomorrow's Leaders,” in promoting holistic development among university students in Hong Kong. Method: Utilizing a one-group pretest-posttest design, this study collected data from students who took the course “Tomorrow's Leaders” before and after the course, with 2,695 students enrolled online and 4,056 students enrolled face-to-face. Results: Students demonstrated enhanced PYD attributes, psychological well-being, and desired graduate qualities in both formats. Students in the face-to-face format showed greater improvement than those in online format in specific outcomes (e.g., self-determination, life satisfaction, and problem-solving ability). Discussion: The findings supported the effectiveness of the online PYD program but also highlighted the advantages of face-to-face learning. This disparity underscores the critical role of interpersonal engagement in nurturing leadership abilities and fostering a positive self-concept in young people, which is relevant to youth social workers.