Virtual reality and augmented reality technology for safety training in high-risk industries: A literature review on applications, perspectives and challenges

BackgroundHigh-risk industries such as construction, mining, and oil and gas consistently face significant safety challenges due to inherently hazardous operations. Traditional safety training methods prove inadequate as they cannot realistically simulate dangerous conditions.ObjectiveThis research aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of the application of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies as innovative solutions for safety training in high-risk environments.MethodsA narraative literature review was performed using valid scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from 2012 to 2025. The search employed broad keywords related to VR/AR and safety training. Studies were selected based on strict criteria including focus on non-medical, non-military applications in high-risk industries, robust methodology, and sufficient sample size. The snowballing technique was additionally used to identify relevant literature.ResultsThe analysis demonstrated that VR/AR-based simulations significantly enhance safety training effectiveness across multiple applications including hazardous environment training, emergency response scenarios, and complex task training. These technologies improve learner engagement, practical skill retention, hazard identification capabilities, and reaction times while reducing human errors. VR-trained workers consistently outperformed traditionally-trained counterparts in practical assessments. Implementation challenges include high costs, need for specialized instructor training, and scenario localization requirements.ConclusionsVR and AR technologies represent a transformative approach to safety training in high-risk industries, with demonstrated effectiveness in improving learning outcomes and safety preparedness. Future development should focus on creating cost-effective, cloud-based platforms and integrating artificial intelligence to enhance accessibility and adaptability, potentially leading to significant reductions in occupational injuries and advanced safety standards.