Impact of Household Environmental Conditions on Residents’ Health in the Dammam Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) has been linked to nonspecific health complaints, known as sick building syndrome (SBS). This cross-sectional study explored the association between common factors affecting IAQ and the prevalence of SBS among adult residents in the Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA), Saudi Arabia. Data on SBS symptoms and related factors, including demographic information, housing characteristics, and environmental conditions were collected from 726 residents using a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between these factors and SBS. The overall prevalence of SBS in this study was 48.2%, with skin symptoms the most frequently reported, followed by general, respiratory, and eye symptoms. Factors associated with SBS included pet ownership, mold, cockroaches, passive smoking, tile flooring, home renovations, and accumulated dust. Although the cross-sectional design and the reliance on self-reported data may present limitations, these findings highlight a potential health risk in Saudi homes. Preventive measures are needed to improve IAQ in household environments, thereby reducing the risk of SBS and other related health effects.