Proangiogenic Mechanisms and Modifications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with a Focus on Neurological Disorders

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells with extensive differentiation potential, sourced from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and other tissues. MSCs from different origins exhibit distinct functional characteristics. These cells have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in various neurological disorders, primarily by modulating immune responses, promoting neovascularization, and aiding neural circuit reconstruction. Notably, the strong proangiogenic properties of MSCs play a crucial role in disease treatment and regression. This review focuses on the application of MSCs and their derivatives in neurological disorders, primarily exploring strategies to enhance their angiogenic effects, including pharmacological interventions, genetic modification, modulation of the culture environment, and the application of novel materials. Furthermore, the article prospects the potential application of MSC-mediated angiogenesis in the treatment of neurological disorders, specifically in the surgical management of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.