Exercise and Brain Health: Expert Review

Preserving brain health is essential to maintaining quality of life and cognitive function with age. Exercise plays an essential role. Aerobic exercise such as running and cycling can enhance brain plasticity through increasing gray matter volume in the cerebellum and temporal lobe, as well as the density of connections in the brain's frontal and motor areas via upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin systems. Anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting, primarily increases gray matter volume in the basal ganglia and increases the density of connections in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum. In midlife, aerobic exercise can increase white matter integrity and cortical thickness in primary motor and somatosensory areas, while in older age it improves specific markers of cognitive function, such as episodic memory. With regards to neurodegenerative diseases, aerobic exercise has been linked to improved memory performance and reduced hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. In Parkinson disease, aerobic exercise has shown to reduce brain atrophy, improve motor function and cognitive control, while anaerobic exercise improves motor performance and information processing. Overall, both aerobic and anaerobic exercises are integral and complementary to preserving brain health through effects on cognitive function and brain structure.