Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology

The advancements in assays for the detection of neuroglial markers of damage, such as neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acid protein, have led to a growing interest in their investigation in neurological disorders. In this review, we aim to summarize evidence regarding the role of biomarkers of neuroglial damage in autoimmune neurological disorders of the central nervous system, including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, autoimmune encephalitis, and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. We will discuss how these biomarkers can help our understanding of disease mechanisms and how these results can be potentially translated into clinical practice, helping clinicians in the differential diagnosis, in prognostication, and prediction of the risk of relapse.