Rare earth elements in phyllosilicates

Abstract The 14 elements from La to Lu (except the unstable Pm) form a group with similar chemical characteristics provided by their electronic configurations. Widespread, albeit in low abundance (hence their original description as ‘rare’), they were soon viewed as an opportunity to trace rock origins and geological processes. In addition to this scientific use, their technological applications have increased over the decades, which have multiplied in the present electronic age. Their exponential growth in demand and limited abundance have transformed them into strategic resources. Characteristic of clay minerals, which take centre stage in so many industrial applications and scientific issues, they have been discovered to be involved in this story as important commercial rare earth element ( REE ) deposits. This review describes how phyllosilicates bind REE , how environmental conditions modify REE contents in phyllosilicates and how such interactions can be used to trace both original rocks and the nature of modifying geological processes. Phyllosilicates bind REE strongly and concentrate them as adsorbed species in inner and outer poly-coordination complexes. This mode of binding controls the capacity for REE retention by phyllosilicates in conjunction with the physicochemical conditions of environmental fluids (salinity, pH, temperature, ligands, Eh) and fluid:rock ratios to determine the contribution of clay minerals to bulk REE signatures and their modifications in geological processes (soil formation, clay mineral precipitation from fluids, alteration, diagenesis, ore formation, transport).