Inflammatory bowel disease–induced inflammation augments clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential through Ref-1

ABSTRACT: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is characterized by age-related somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) and is correlated with an increased risk of myeloid malignancies, elevated inflammatory pathways in circulating myeloid cells, higher all-cause mortality, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is intrinsically linked to heightened inflammation. Nevertheless, the presence of CHIP in IBD and its role in the pathophysiology of IBD remains poorly elucidated. In the UK Biobank, CHIP was associated with an increased incidence of IBD. Females with CHIP had a 1.33-fold higher risk, which was further validated in the All of Us database (ßodds ratio, 1.29). For Crohn's disease, DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) mutations conferred a 1.81-fold increased incidence in females compared with non-DNMT3A carriers, which rose to 2.09 for large clones (variant allele fraction of ≥10%). In contrast, for ulcerative colitis, TET2 large clones were significantly associated, and only among individuals aged