Regulation of mitochondrial function during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation

With the recent increase in the incidence of male infertility, greater attention is being paid to male reproductive health. The causes of male infertility are complex, and damage occurring during any process from spermatogenesis to fertilization can affect sperm quantity and quality of the sperm. Mitochondria are the power sources of cells and help regulate cellular homeostasis and physiological function. Mitochondria play a crucial role in male reproduction. Mitochondria undergo dynamic changes during spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and fertilization. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy help regulate the structure and function of mitochondria by meeting the cellular energy requirements of sperm during reproduction and reducing levels of damaged mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); the elimination of excess mtDNA during fertilization prevents the spread of genetic mutations. Stable mitochondrial function ensures the smooth occurrence and maturation of sperm, maintaining male fertility. Externally induced mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to an inadequate energy supply, oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, and abnormal sperm structure formation, which can lead to male infertility. In this article, the mechanism through which mitochondrial dysfunction affects the entire process of male reproduction, from spermatogonial stem cell division to final fertilization, and leads to infertility is discussed in chronological order. This article explores potential therapeutic targets for improving male fertility through therapies targeting mitochondrial function to provide a reference for subsequent research and more precise treatment directions.