Overcoming barriers to vaccination among U.S. farmworkers: a scoping review of targeted interventions and strategies

BACKGROUND: As of 2022, approximately 2.6 million individuals work in agriculture in the United States, with 75% identifying as Hispanic/Latino. Despite heightened vulnerability to infectious disease, a survey of farmworkers revealed low vaccination rates against common preventable diseases. This study aimed to examine existing literature on vaccine interventions targeting Hispanic farmworkers, with a focus on strategies designed to improve vaccine attitudes, beliefs, and uptake. METHODS: The scoping review was organized using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the Arksey and O’Malley Methodological Framework. Major keywords such as “vaccine” or “immunization” alongside population terms like “Hispanic” and occupational terms such as “farmworkers” were used. Two researchers independently conducted the review, with discussions held to resolve any discrepancies. RESULTS: A total of 8 articles were included and assessed for common themes. Leveraging partners such as community health workers and local organizations already entrenched in farmworker communities is key to reaching this population. Additional identified intervention strategies include mobile health units at frequented community or workplace sites, culturally and linguistically tailored messaging and education, social media, anonymous documentation, and mobile immunization records. CONCLUSIONS: Multifaceted, community-oriented interventions are needed to address barriers faced by Hispanic farmworkers in the United States to improve vaccine uptake. Future research should continue to explore innovative approaches to promote vaccination in this essential workforce.