Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity assessment of the ethanol extract of Lannea schimperi bark: antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial potentials

The antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial potentials of Lannea. schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Engl. extracts are well documented. However, few studies have integrated these evaluations with phytochemical profiling. In this study, the antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), antioxidant and antiradical activities, and phytochemical composition of L. schimperi bark extracts were examined. The inhibition zones ranged from 8.3 ± 0.5 mm to 18.3 ± 1.2 mm. The MIC values, determined spectrophotometrically, were as follows: Candida albicans (500 ± 0.0 µg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250 ± 0.1 µg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (125.0 ± 18.4 µg/mL), Escherichia coli (125.0 ± 9.2 µg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (62.5 ± 18.4 µg/mL). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 256.94 ± 6.48 mg GAE/g and 29.22 ± 0.6 mg RE/g respectively. Antiradical activity ranged from 3.68 ± 0.4 to 13.86 ± 0.22 units per mg of extract, and from 320.2 ± 6 to 386.6 ± 23 units per gram of raw material. GC–MS analysis identified several saturated fatty acids and esters, including butanedioic acid (2.2%), n-tridecanoic acid (1.7%), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (0.8%), n-pentadecanoic acid (3.9%), heptadecanoic acid (61.7%), 11-methyloctadecanoic acid (10.5%), nonadecanoic acid (7.9%), and 11-eicosenoic acid (1.4%). LC–MS analysis detected catechin (83.81%), piperine (92.93%), 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid (83.19%), and galactonic acid (79.78%). Overall, the analysis of L. schimperi bark extracts highlights its significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent and further validate its traditional use in treating various ailments.