Monitoring the bioenergetic state and cell lysis of Bacillus subtilis throughout the growth cycle

Abstract Background The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a rapidly growing and easily manipulated microbe with a long history of exploitation for the commercial production of industrial enzymes, high value biochemicals, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. More recently, it has been developed as a food additive and plant probiotic. It grows on inexpensive substrates and remains productive during extended batch-fed growth conditions. Extensive knowledge of its genetics, biochemistry and gene regulation has facilitated the use of metabolic engineering strategies to optimise substrate utilisation and product yield. As a free-living environmental organism, B. subtilis differentiates into subpopulations with distinct biological functions (e.g. sporulation, biofilm formation, production of antimicrobials, etc.). However, during fermentation, cellular differentiation processes can pose a challenge for its optimal biotechnological utilisation, particularly when emerging subpopulations do not contribute to product biosynthesis. Here, we present robust assays that facilitate the analysis of two previously difficult-to-study population properties of B. subtilis : (i) the energisation levels of individual cells within post-exponential but actively growing cultures and (ii) the extent of cell lysis that can occur under such conditions. Results Our findings reveal an unappreciated level of heterogeneity in cell energisation within post-exponential cultures, and a surprisingly high degree of cell lysis in seemingly healthy, actively growing populations. These data provide insights and add to our understanding of the biological complexities and single-cell heterogeneities present in superficially simple bacterial clonal cultures. They establish robust and well-validated analytical tools with which to study the associated processes and provide a foundation for further optimising B. subtilis as an industrial production host. Conclusions Considerable research efforts have focused on increasing the productivity of B. subtilis for industrial, medical and agricultural products. However, its ability to undergo physiological and morphological differentiation processes at high cell densities could ultimately limit its productivity. Our research reveals how the resulting heterogeneity impacts the population-level energy status of individual cells in the culture and the surprisingly high extent of population-level cell lysis. The ability to monitor these processes provides tools for evaluating the impact of genetic and metabolic engineering strategies to improve productivity.