LncRNA PVT1 in human cancers: genomic complexity, isoforms, functional elements, mechanism of action, subcellular localization and possible role as a therapeutic target

PVT1 (Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is a critical player in diverse biological processes, particularly cancer biology. This review comprehensively examines PVT1’s multifaceted roles and molecular mechanisms. We delve into its predominant oncogenic functions while highlighting notable exceptions, offering new perspectives on its biological diversity. A key focus is the subcellular localizations of PVT1 across various cancers – an aspect underexplored in previous reviews despite its significant impact on function and regulatory mechanisms. Detailed mechanistic insights include PVT1’s linear and circular isoforms acting as miRNA sponges, its encoding of miRNAs, the influence of 8q24 rearrangements, and its regulation of protein stability/activity, and transcription. Furthermore, we examine PVT1’s functional elements, illuminating unexplored structural and regulatory features. The clinical implications of PVT1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in oncology are also discussed. By synthesizing existing knowledge and introducing previously less-explored facets, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date resource on PVT1’s role in health and disease.