Organ-level 3D phenotyping of saffron using a low-cost dual-camera workflow

BACKGROUND: Precise, non-destructive phenotyping of saffron during vegetative growth is critical for optimizing corm yield and accelerating breeding programs, yet systematic 3D measurements have remained elusive due to extreme morphological challenges: ultra-narrow leaves, severe mutual occlusion, and prostrate growth architecture. Traditional single-view imaging systems fail to resolve individual leaves under such conditions, limiting phenotypic analysis to whole-canopy descriptors. Here, we developed a specialized organ-level 3D phenotyping workflow specifically designed for narrow, overlapping leaves using a low-cost dual-camera rotary acquisition system integrated with open-source Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) reconstruction. RESULTS: > 0.94, MAPE < 6%), achieving accuracy benchmarks established for broad-leaved crops using commercial-grade hardware at 100 × lower cost. Systematic voxel sensitivity analysis across nine scales identified optimal preprocessing parameters (2 cm voxel size) balancing measurement precision with computational efficiency, addressing a critical reproducibility gap in plant phenotyping. Exploratory longitudinal tracking revealed that above-ground biomass was correlated with final corm yield (r = 0.68, P < 0.001), with mid-vegetative canopy volume also showing strong correlation (r = 0.52, P < 0.01), suggesting potential resource allocation trade-offs between vegetative expansion and storage organ development. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates that organ-level 3D phenotyping of narrow, overlapping leaves is achievable using low-cost imaging hardware and transparent methodological workflows. Complete documentation of algorithmic parameters and hardware specifications enables direct replication and adaptation to other narrow-leaved crops (wheat, rice, onion, leek), democratizing access to high-throughput phenotyping in resource-limited settings. The workflow advances plant phenomics by demonstrating that methodological transparency and cost-effectiveness need not compromise measurement precision, opening new avenues for phenotype-to-genotype mapping and predictive breeding in underutilized crops.