Probiotic efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 from Tibetan pigs in metabolic syndrome: modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic in sows and suckling piglets

Background Metabolic syndrome disrupts metabolic resilience in periparturient sows and compromises piglet growth. As intestinal microbes govern host energy homeostasis, microbiome‐directed feed additives represent a practical solution. We therefore evaluated the Tibetan‑pig isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106, previously validated in weanlings for its capacity to alleviate sow‐associated metabolic syndrome. Results In a 43‑day trial (20 sows per group), dietary TL106 (5 × 109 CFU kg–1) increased digestibility of crude fiber (+ 12.5%, p < 0.05) and crude fat (+ 9.3%, p < 0.01), lowered serum IL‑1β (− 34%) and TNF‑α (− 28%), and boosted antioxidant enzymes and immunoglobulins (all p < 0.05). Litter performance improved, with a two‑thirds reduction in diarrhea and heavier piglets at 21 days (+ 15%, aggregate n = 300). Multi‑omics profiling revealed higher cecal α‑diversity, enrichment of butyrate‑producing Ruminococcus and Butyricicoccus (log2C 2.1 and 1.8; FDR < 0.05), and activation of histidine‑metabolism and ABC‑transporter pathways (q ≤ 0.03) in piglets, while pathways for amino‑acid biosynthesis, lipid utilization, and steroidogenesis were favored in sows. Conclusions Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 simultaneously enhanced maternal metabolic health and neonatal development by reshaping gut microbiota and host metabolism, positioning it as a micro‑ecological tool for managing metabolic syndrome in Landrace × Yorkshire sows and Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire suckling piglets. Video Abstract