Leveraging the Fine-Control MICP framework for cross-scale geoenvironmental applications: a roadmap of innovations and challenges

Abstract Introduction Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) represents an environmentally sustainable technology with significant potential for low-carbon geotechnical engineering and geo-disaster mitigation. Research gap A comprehensive synthesis addressing the cross-scale challenges in MICP is found to be missing despite the availability of numerous reviews. Methodology This review comprehensively examines multidisciplinary optimization methods and synthesizes them into a unified “Fine-Control” framework, spanning strain enhancement, environmental modulation, process control, and geological adaptation. Key findings The framework provides a pathway for predictive biomineralization under controlled conditions, exemplified by laboratory-scale engineered strains, spatiotemporal reaction control, and byproduct upcycling; however, its effectiveness in field applications depends on meticulous process optimization and site-specific validation. Significance We identify critical challenges for future research, including long-term durability under geoenvironmental stresses, standardized implementation protocols, and real-time monitoring, essential to bridge the gap between laboratory research and field-scale engineering.