A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses of chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus L.)

Abstract Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree) has a rich history of use in traditional medicine across various cultures for over 2500 years, particularly for gynecological issues. Its applications range from regulating menstrual cycles to alleviating premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms, with endorsements from health authorities such as the German Commission E. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of V. agnus-castus , while also discussing its safety profile and therapeutic potential. The relevant articles were identified by searching PubMed ( www.pubmed.com ), Scopus ( http://www.scopus.com ), ISI Web of Science ( www.webofknowledge.com ), and Google Scholar ( www.scholar.google.com ) up to November 2024. V. agnus-castus exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. Its active compounds, particularly casticin, have been linked to these benefits. Future research should focus on advanced preclinical and clinical studies to better assess its safety and therapeutic efficacy in diverse populations.