Green revolution in polymer composites: performance and degradability of natural fiber reinforced biopolymers

Abstract This study presents a comparative analysis of jute fiber-reinforced polymer composites using both biodegradable (PLA, PBS) and petroleum-based (PP, PE) matrices, with an emphasis on performance, interfacial compatibility, and environmental degradability. Composites were fabricated via melt compounding and compression molding, incorporating maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizers in polyolefin systems to enhance fiber-matrix interaction. Mechanical testing revealed that PP-Jute (+ MA) exhibited the highest tensile strength (~ 52.6 MPa) and flexural performance, while PE-Jute (+ MA) demonstrated superior thermal stability with a decomposition residue of 88.3% at 660 °C. TGA and DSC analyses confirmed higher onset degradation temperatures (> 340 °C) and crystallinity (Xc ~ 35%) in compatibilized polyolefins, indicating suitability for high-temperature and structural applications. In contrast, PLA-Jute and PBS-Jute composites, though mechanically moderate, achieved significant biodegradability 8.8% and 8.1% weight loss respectively after 42 days of soil burial supported by increased surface roughness and visible microbial degradation. Water absorption tests showed higher uptake in biopolymer systems (~ 9.1%), leading to post-aging strength loss of up to 23%, whereas compatibilized systems maintained dimensional stability and mechanical integrity under humid conditions. Morphological evaluation via SEM confirmed improved fiber embedding and reduced interfacial voids in MA-treated composites. The results highlight a performance-sustainability trade-off: biopolymers offer environmental degradability for single-use or compostable applications, while compatibilized petroleum-based systems provide enhanced durability for long-term, structural uses. This study underscores the importance of matrix selection and interface engineering in designing natural fiber composites for targeted performance and lifecycle requirements.