A resource-aware framework for sustainable polymer nanocomposites in energy harvesting and storage

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites demonstrate exceptional performance in energy harvesting and storage but their translation from advanced laboratories to widespread application is hindered by dependency on expensive nanomaterials and sophisticated manufacturing. This review breaks from convention by establishing first comprehensive framework for developing high-performance energy devices using accessible, cost-effective, and regionally available materials. We systematically deconstruct five decades of materials science breakthroughs to demonstrate how fundamental principles can be implemented with natural polymers, agricultural waste derivatives, and indigenous mineral resources. Our analysis maps practical pathways by aligning specific energy conversion mechanisms - from piezoelectric and thermoelectric harvesting to electrochemical and electrostatic storage - with tailored polymer-nanofiller combinations and scalable processing techniques such as solution casting and sol-gel methods. The review further introduces unique classification system linking material selection, structural design, and characterization to target application requirements, providing rational design tool for engineers. By directly addressing technical, economic, and knowledge-transfer gaps that limit global adoption, this work repositions polymer nanocomposites not as exotic laboratory curiosities, but as pragmatic, scalable solutions for sustainable energy independence. We conclude by outlining strategic research agenda to overcome key challenges in nanofiller dispersion, interfacial engineering, and sustainable manufacturing, charting a course for equitable access to next-generation energy technologies.