Designing with Chemically Improved Soils

A primary result of deep soil mixing and jet-grouting processes is to create hardened columnar inclusions in the ground. These columnar inclusions posed challenges to conventional geotechnical analysis and design using manual calculations. In order to address these challenges, analytical and design methodologies were developed. These include the use of stress concentration ratios as well as guidelines for analysing the effects of columnar inclusions in soft soil. Many of these analytical methodologies were developed in the 1980s and 1990s and they are largely applicable to foundation and embankment stability design (e.g. Kitazume and Terashi 2013 ).