Smart technologies for predicting the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables toward sustainable agriculture

As economic conditions improve, the demand for vegetables, fruits, meat, seafood, and other products continues to rise, indicating a highly favorable market outlook. However, food is also susceptible to corruption and spoiling, resulting in considerable waste and economic losses [ 1 ]. Consequently, the significance of food shelf-life for consumers and businesses is unequivocal. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations reports that around one-third of all food produced for human consumption, or nearly 1.3 billion tons, is lost or wasted globally [ 1 , 2 ].