The port of Leixões (Portugal)

The port of Leixões was constructed in the 19th century as an alternative to the Douro port in northern Portugal. Despite the importance of Douro port in the XV and XVI centuries (during the Age of Discovery), and later in the 18th century with the Port Wine trade, it had several restrictions, namely in its geomorphic and hydrodynamic characteristics. The first studies for the new port of Leixões date back to the 15th century, but it was in the 18th century that significant efforts were made to provide a viable alternative to Douro port. Due to the magnitude of the work, it was considered one of the largest engineering works of the 19th century. A diversity of structures will be addressed, from vertical rock/concrete quay walls, to piled quays and dolphins, pointing the problems and describing the solutions implemented. This paper aims to describe the construction of Portugal’s second most important port, whose docks were entirely excavated at the mouth of the River Leça. It will also explore the developments over more than 120 years, with a focus on the main geotechnical problems faced and their mitigation. In fact, harbour geotechnics can benefit from this outstanding engineering experience and, the port of Leixões may contribute valuable insights to the field.