Geotechnical monitoring in the digital age

The resilience of infrastructure systems is increasingly challenged by global pressures such as climate change and demographic shifts. Geotechnical structures—including cuts, embankments, slopes, and retaining walls—are particularly vulnerable, highlighting the need for advanced monitoring and management technologies. This chapter explores the digital transformation in geotechnical monitoring, focusing on the shift from traditional instruments to IoT-enabled sensors and remote sensing technologies. It begins by reviewing key geotechnical parameters and their measurement methods, comparing conventional tools like inclinometers and piezometers with modern IoT-based solutions. The advantages and limitations of each approach are analyzed, emphasizing the benefits of continuous monitoring. The integration of edge, fog, and cloud computing is discussed as a means to enable real-time data processing and risk assessment. Additionally, remote sensing techniques such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar, light detection and ranging, and photogrammetry are examined for their potential to enhance large-scale geotechnical monitoring, offering valuable insights into surface displacement and structural health. Concrete case studies illustrate the real-world application of these technologies, demonstrating how digital advancements are transforming geotechnical engineering. Ultimately, the chapter advocates for a structured digital transformation framework, promoting a more resilient, efficient, and proactive approach to managing geotechnical risks in a rapidly changing world.