Autism Spectrum Disorder

The chapter presents an overview and the historical path of Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis. It begins with a discussion of the challenges in early identification. It highlights core features: difficulties in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. The analysis covers global and regional prevalence of ASD. It addresses variations in diagnostic criteria and barriers to healthcare access. The text examines the evolution of the autism concept. It starts with Leo Kanner’s initial description in 1943. It moves to Hans Asperger’s recognition in the 1980s. It culminates with the modern definition of the “autism spectrum” in the DSM-5. The chapter underscores the influence of historical, social, and scientific factors on diagnostic practices. It also describes advances in knowledge about the genetic and environmental bases of the disorder. It concludes by stressing the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in diagnosis and treatment. It calls for inclusive public policies. These policies provide lifelong support for individuals with ASD, encourage social integration, and improve quality of life.