Toxicity Profiles of Nanoparticles Synthesized with Plants

Nanotechnology has been utilised in many areas in the recent past, including consumer products, medicine, and the environment. Nanoparticles (NPs) vary greatly in dimensions, shape, composition, aggregations, as well as state of uniformity and other distinctive properties. Noble metals such as gold, silver, and platinum are regularly used in nanoparticles fabrication through many different chemical and physical methods. These processes are not environmentally friendly, however. Nanoparticle toxicity concerns have escalated due to their increasing use and production, which has raised exposure levels for humans and the environment. Once inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with the skin, nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in sensitive organs like the heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and brain. Studies performed in vitro and in vivo suggest that exposure to nanoparticles can increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important mechanism of toxicity. Excess ROS destroys proteins, cellular membranes, and DNA, and induces oxidative stress and inflammation. The size, shape, surface characteristics, composition, solubility, aggregation, and absorption of nanoparticles all determine how many reactive oxygen species they generate.