Intelligent systems

The review is composed of wireless positioning technologies that are required to make a thorough analysis in the context of how the needs in positioning change under the impact of various driving automation levels. Serious critical technologies have been analyzed, such as real-time kinematic (RTK), wireless local area network (WLAN), global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), ultra-wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and ZigBee. It focuses on various strengths and weaknesses in each of the technologies and ways in which cooperative positioning and sensor fusion can enhance positioning accuracy and dependability. This is demonstrated through a critical look at many applications in which proper positioning is important for navigation, path planning, safety, and collision avoidance. In addition, the datasets and findings of these works are reviewed, where the strengths and weaknesses of the methods of positioning being used are noted. Concerns of technological nature have been discussed, that is, on security, privacy, and others that matter, such as the quality and availability of positioning service, dependability, or environmental impact. In a discussion with further research development being mainly focused on cooperative positioning systems, resilient positioning technology development, and sensor fusion algorithms, the importance of integration and standardization within positioning technologies comes out. The review emphasizes that positioning systems have to be reliable, accurate, and secure in embarking on future improvements and industry collaborations that will further succeed in deploying autonomous vehicles (AVs).