Understanding Indoor Air Pollution and Its Impact on Health Implications in Cold Regions of India

Indoor air pollution (IAP) is one of the world’s most important environmental challenges, particularly among the poorest people, who typically do not have access to clean cooking fuel. According to the Global Burden of Disease study, indoor pollution caused 2,313,992 deaths in 2022 (Our World Data, 2022). India suffers the most from this crisis, experiencing the highest annual mortality rate related to IAP among developing nations, responsible for 28% of global deaths. This comprehensive study explores the intricate web of IAP, emphasizing its profound health consequences and socioeconomic disparities, with a particular focus on cold regions. Delving into the often-neglected realm of indoor environments, the research underscores the prevalence of pollutants emanating from building materials, combustion sources, and household products. They may spend hours a day near the stove, exposing them for high levels of household air pollution (HAP), which could harm their respiratory system and contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We carried out a scoping review to assess the existing knowledge on health outcomes related to IAP in a cold region of India. Although substantial research has been conducted on IAP across the country, most studies primarily focus on urban areas or general environmental conditions. However, there is comparatively less attention given to cold, high-altitude regions such as the Himalayas, Jammu & Kashmir, and Ladakh. These regions have distinct characteristics such as closed spaces due to extreme cold, which limits ventilation and increases concentration in indoor air pollutants (IAPs). The health implications span from acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and pulmonary diseases to building-associated illnesses. Additionally, the study unveils the due to use of biomass fuel exacerbating IAP risks, calling for targeted interventions and a heightened awareness of environmental health equity. This thorough analysis emphasizes the significant result regarding IAP on public health in cold locations, focusing on cardiovascular and respiratory hazards. Socioeconomic gaps increase exposure, particularly in locations where data on IAP are scarce. Cold temperatures increase pollution from heating practices, adding to health risks. The research sheds light on the importance of contaminants, including carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It demonstrates a compelling need for study on this nexus via rigorous literature analysis. It highlights a critical need for comprehensive policies addressing indoor air quality (IAQ) to safeguard public health in diverse global contexts.