Metal Halide Perovskites

Metal halide perovskites have transformed the solar energy industry by providing superior optoelectronic features, programmable bandgaps, and high-power conversion efficiencies at potentially cheap manufacturing costs. This chapter examines the potential of these materials in solar cell applications, emphasizing their structural flexibility and how compositional alterations in the ABX₃ framework enable property optimization. The structure section details the crystal arrangement and how different cations and anions affect material behavior. Metal halide perovskites’ features are thoroughly reviewed, focusing on their superior light absorption, charge carrier mobility, and defect tolerance, which have elevated them to the forefront of photovoltaic study. Despite tremendous improvement, issues such as stability in real-world circumstances and lead toxicity remain major roadblocks. The recent developments section discusses current research to solve these challenges, including advancements in material composition, encapsulation technologies, and device architectures. The chapter concludes by assessing future possibilities for solar cells made of perovskites (PSCs), including the possibility of tandem cells, lead-free perovskites, and developing technologies that might propel PSC commercialization worldwide.