Perovskites

Perovskite materials have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and transformative potential across various applications, particularly in the field of energy materials. This chapter focuses on the diverse significance of perovskites, analyzing their existence on the Earth, environmental implications, and economic viability. The rapid advancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has led to remarkable efficiencies, surpassing 25%, enabling it to be competitive alternatives to conventional silicon-based technologies. Perovskite-based materials have demonstrated remarkable progress in improving the efficiency of energy conversion and storage devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and many more. However, the widespread use of lead-based and cobalt-based perovskites raises critical environmental concerns, particularly regarding toxicity, cost and potential leaching in ecosystems. This necessitates a thorough examination of its impacts and the investigations of sustainable alternatives, including lead-free and cobalt-free compositions. The present study highlights recent advancements in enhancing the stability and durability of perovskite-based materials, which are essential for their long-term viability. Economically, perovskites present a promising opportunity for reducing production costs and improving accessibility to renewable energy technologies. This study also provides an overview of the current state of perovskite research, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that considers both its technological and environmental aspects.