Pathways and Reactions of Xenobiotics in Organisms

This chapter is devoted to the description of the pathways of various xenobiotics through the main gateways (digestive and respiratory tract and skin), their movement (absorption, distribution, elimination), and metabolic reactions in two phases in different organs (liver, lungs, kidneys) in the mammalian organism. The structure of biomembranes and transport systems through membranes is introduced. In addition to blood, the role of lymph in the transport of substances is explained, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification are discussed. The role of enteric flora in xenobiotic metabolism is discussed. A brief discussion of antidotes is also included.