Evaluation of Toxicity of Substances
Abstract
This chapter describes various methods to determine toxicity of foreign substances (xenobiotics). Acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity as well as carcinogenicity of a substance can be evaluated using five basic approaches: Epidemiological studies of human or other populations exposed to different toxic compounds. Animal experiments with higher organisms ( in vivo ) for assessment of acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic general and specific toxicities. Tests with lower organisms ( in vivo ). Tests with cell cultures ( in vitro ) for which new approaches are being developed. Computer calculations ( in silico ).
Fields of Study & Subjects
Animal testing and alternatives
Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Publication details
- Journal / source
- CRC Press eBooks
- Pages
- 112–135
- Publication date
- 9 February 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Book chapter