Green Nanotechnology for Alleviating Salinity Stress of Plants

Salinity stress is a significant environmental challenge that adversely affects plant growth, productivity, and global agricultural sustainability. Green nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to mitigate the impacts of salinity stress in plants. This chapter explores the multifaceted role of nanoparticles in addressing salinity-induced challenges, focusing on their ability to enhance nutrient uptake, improve water use efficiency, and modulate hormonal balance and signaling pathways. The synthesis of green nanomaterials using sustainable methods, their application in nanofertilizers, bio-stimulants, and delivery systems, and their interaction with plant-soil-microbe systems are discussed in detail. Additionally, the chapter examines the environmental and socioeconomic implications of nanoparticle use, alongside challenges such as scalability, safety, and regulatory hurdles. Future perspectives highlight the integration of nanotechnology with breeding and biotechnology to develop stress-resilient crops and ensure agricultural sustainability. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of green nanotechnology in alleviating salinity stress and advancing sustainable agriculture.