Carbon-based nanomaterials utilization in biofuel cells

Biofuel cells (BFCs) are considered a sustainable energy technology that gives a green substitute for power generation using biologically based nano catalysts. The incorporation of nanotechnology, particularly carbon-based nanomaterials, has significantly improved the efficiency, stability, and performance of BFCs. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nano-fibres (CNFs), and mesoporous carbon are highly explored due to their high surface area, better conductivity, and biocompatibility. It also facilitates improved electron transfer and catalytic activity of the biofuel cell. These materials play an important role in enzymatic and microbial fuel cells by improving biocatalytic reactions. Various productive techniques, such as chemical vapour deposition and hydrothermal synthesis , have been developed to optimize their properties for biofuel cell applications. Even with some notable advancements, some major challenges such as electrode stability, scalability, and cost constraints remain obstacles to large-scale application and commercialization. So now the research is going to focus on developing hybrid nanomaterials and multifunctional composites. Additionally, biofuel cells integrated with wastewater treatment systems and self-powered biosensors represent suitable future directions. This chapter highlights recent progress, mechanistic insights, and potential solutions to overcome current challenges, paving the way for next-generation biofuel cells in sustainable energy and environmental solutions.