Enhanced multifactor authentication scheme for telecare medical information system (TMIS)

Internet of Things (IoT) implies that sensing devices and measuring tools are connected over the Internet to send, receive, and process data. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) nowadays bid high-speed internet connectivity with good bandwidth to the user at low cost, and thus, people all over the world are connected digitally. In post-COVID days, this trend has increased, and the essence of remote monitoring system is realized [ 1 , 2 ]. Sensors collect data from a remote site where a user is present and transfer the sensed data to a remote server for processing and decision-making [ 3 ]. In the advent of IoT technology, we delve into semi-automated advanced life. Applying this technology, we are trying to receive better services or performances in the field of agriculture, education, business, healthcare, production firms, and other domains [ 2 ]. With this technology, several sensory devices like camera, temperature sensor, depth sensor, proximity sensor, pH meter, Oximeter, etc., are used to measure different parametric values from a patient or the environment [ 4 ]. According to our need, we may take a decision or use actuators to do some work. TMIS is such an environment in the healthcare sector where health service providers offer health services to the remote and elderly users [ 5–7 ]. Medical server and hospital server are necessarily the backbone of a TMIS. The hospital server shall be equipped with a Data Server and may have a network for pathological laboratories. Patients, doctors, and managerial staffs are the immediate users of the system. A patient who is residing at his home may have a personal network comprising IoT devices like ECG, SPO2, e-pill dispenser, spirometer, etc., as shown in Figure 8.1 . These devices are connected over the wireless/GSM network and connecting routers to make a Personal Area Network (PAN). They may also be connected by a wireless router operated with Bluetooth or ZigBee or infrared technology. A GPS-enabled ambulance may be a component that will rush to a patient’s house in the case of an emergency situation. Figure 8.1 shows a typical infrastructure and components of a TMIS environment.