How to Assess and Examine the Eye for Disease

Assessment of the eye for disease requires a structured and holistic approach that integrates knowledge of anatomy, physiology, immunology, history, observation, measurement and imaging. Early detection depends on attention to subtle signs, the use of appropriate technology (where available) and an understanding of the systemic context of ocular findings. A systematic, thorough assessment of the eye is essential for detecting ocular disease, monitoring progression and making informed decisions about management. Eye care practitioners (ECPs) must be proficient in both history taking and clinical examination to identify pathology at an early stage and distinguish between benign and sight-threatening conditions. This chapter outlines the core principles and key techniques for the examination of the eye for disease in adults and children, the latter requiring specialist knowledge, experience and suitable facilities.