Introduction

The increasing global concern over climate change and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions have driven significant interest in innovative technologies for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Among these, CO 2 mineralization, also known as carbonation, has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate CO 2 emissions while simultaneously producing valuable materials. CO 2 mineralization involves the chemical reaction of CO 2 with alkaline or alkaline-earth metals, such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), to form stable carbonate minerals. This process not only sequesters CO 2 in a solid form but also has the potential to produce construction materials, such as carbonate binders, which can be used in various industrial applications.