Design and Optimization of Carnot Battery

This chapter systematically investigates the design and optimization of Carnot battery systems, a promising thermo-mechanical energy storage technology that addresses the scalability and longevity limitations of conventional electrochemical storage. The research encompasses three fundamental aspects: thermodynamic modeling frameworks, system configuration and component selection strategies, and performance optimization methodologies. The thermodynamic modeling establishes a comprehensive analytical framework progressing from steady-state models based on energy balance equations to advanced dynamic models incorporating thermal stratification, transient heat transfer, and system-level coupling effects. Economic modeling integrates life cycle cost analysis with policy impact assessment to evaluate commercial viability. System design analysis differentiates between Rankine-based configurations operating below 300°C using liquid-vapor phase transitions and Brayton-based systems achieving higher efficiencies at temperatures exceeding 500°C with gaseous working fluids. Critical design considerations include thermal storage options spanning sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical systems, as well as working fluid selection criteria balancing thermodynamic performance, environmental impact, and operational safety.