IES Integration of Carnot Battery

This chapter investigates the integration of Carnot batteries into industrial integrated energy systems to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability. It introduces the structure of integrated energy systems and explains how Carnot batteries bridge electrical and thermal domains by recovering and utilizing low-grade waste heat. Mathematical models and a two-stage optimization framework are developed to coordinate system planning and operation, balancing economic and environmental goals. A case study of the Ruili–Muse Cross-Border Industrial Park demonstrates that Carnot battery integration significantly reduces costs and improves system flexibility, particularly when combined with electrochemical storage. The results highlight the Carnot battery as a promising solution for achieving low-carbon, efficient industrial energy systems.