Conclusion and Future Outlook

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Carnot battery technology, from its thermodynamic principles to its integration into modern integrated energy systems. The research establishes the key value of Carnot batteries as long-duration energy storage systems, highlighting their advantages in terms of duration, scalability, multi-energy coupling, and deployment flexibility. It also emphasizes the great potential of this technology in the efficient utilization of low-grade industrial waste heat and the promotion of decarbonization in the energy sector. Finally, the chapter considers future research directions, including new materials and intelligent control technologies, as well as market and policy reforms, with the aim of accelerating the transition of Carnot batteries from demonstration to commercialization, and providing scalable, economically feasible approaches to achieving a sustainable energy future.