Biorefinery

The concept of biorefineries provides an integrated approach where organic materials are upcycled into different valuable products or substrates for various downstream processes. Organic waste biorefineries, especially, offer a dual benefit: waste management and resource recovery from waste materials. However, low-quality feedstock, contamination, the involvement of high-end technological processes, lack of public awareness, and economic barriers often impose additional challenges to their success. This chapter discusses different technological processes and their integration in the development of biorefineries for the production of valuable products from different sources of biomass, including organic waste, algae, manure, and seaweed. Microalgae production combined with phycoremediation is a promising approach for algae-based biorefineries, but a low energy balance is a great drawback of this type of biorefinery. Technological advancements, policy frameworks, and cooperative business models are, on the other hand, crucial to making organic manure biorefineries successful. Multistage cascade fractionation is another recent promising approach extensively used for extracting bioactive compounds and value-added chemicals from different seaweed species. Techno-economic assessments of biorefinery approaches are taken to be the gold standard for evaluating the commercial feasibility of a cascading approach and are used for optimization studies, usually being linked with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The outcome identifies the key role of technological advancement, policy integration, and valorization of multi-products in propelling sustainable and scalable bioeconomy solutions globally.