Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Production of Fuel

The growing accumulation of plastic waste has become a significant global challenge, posing threats to human health, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability. Addressing this issue is critical for achieving a circular economy and advancing environmental conservation efforts. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process, offers a promising solution by transforming plastic waste into valuable fuels and chemicals. This chapter explores the pyrolysis of individual and mixed plastics, focusing on the influence of key parameters such as operating temperature, catalysts (zeolitic and non-zeolitic), and reactor configurations on product distribution. Special emphasis is placed on co-pyrolysis of plastics with biomass, which enhances the production of high-value hydrocarbons, including gasoline- and diesel-range fuels, aromatics, olefins, and lubricants. Reaction mechanisms, such as the role of H⁺ protons in reducing oxygenated compounds and high-temperature pathways promoting cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the tribological improvement of pyrolysis oil through cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics, as well as the importance of pretreatment processes like washing and sizing of plastic waste, is highlighted. The chapter provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art literature on plastic pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis, summarizing mechanisms, dewaxing processes, and technological advancements. Additionally, potential future applications of plastic pyrolysis, including its role in space exploration and sustainable energy systems, are explored. This synthesis of knowledge aims to inspire innovative approaches to plastic waste management and fuel production, contributing to global sustainability efforts.