Introduction to photovoltaics

This chapter provides an extensive introduction to the fundamentals of photovoltaics (PVs), outlining the principles, materials, and devices underpinning sunlight conversion into electricity. Starting with the essential physics of solar energy conversion, we explore the PV effect, the characteristics of solar cells, and the factors influencing their efficiency. We then delve into the materials science of PVs, discussing the properties and applications of various semiconductor materials, including silicon, thin-film compounds, and emerging PV materials. Finally, we examine PV devices’ design, fabrication, and characterization, including solar cells, modules, and systems. This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the present state of PV technology and its role in the global transition to sustainable energy.