Synthesis methods of photovoltaic materials

A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also referred to as a solar cell, is a device that uses the “PV effect” to directly transform solar energy, usually sunlight into electrical energy. It operates by letting light strike a semiconductor material, often silicon, which excites electrons and produces an electric current. Some popular synthesis methods of PV materials are used for their synthesis such as crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic materials (α), thin-film photovoltaic materials (β), perovskite photovoltaic materials (γ), organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials (δ), quantum dot solar cells (€), chalcogenide solar cells (£), perovskite–silicon tandem Solar cells (π), and bifacial solar cell (ζ). Different synthesis methods are used depending on the material’s properties, cost considerations, and the type of PV device being manufactured. Innovations in techniques like inkjet printing, roll-to-roll processing, and vapor deposition are helping to reduce costs and improve efficiency in solar cell production. In this chapter, we will discuss in detail the (β) synthesis method and its technologies. Keywords: Photovoltaic, synthesis, chemical spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, spin-coating.