Recent advancements and challenges of perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are well known worldwide for their unusual ability. The frontrunner for replacing silicon solar cells toward sustainability is perovskite photovoltaic (PV). PSCs use a material with stability, excellent performance, mobility, bandgap, and high light absorption potential. Recent research has investigated the morphological properties and structure of perovskite materials for optimizing light absorption and energy conversion efficiency by 27%. The PSCs are new solar cell technologies with tremendous power performance and optimized cost. However, PSCs are facing challenges in terms of circular economy, recycling, and sustainability due to the availability of critical raw materials, which are identified as elements in danger. An extensive review of the most recent fabrication methods is given in this study as advancements in the materials used for PSCs. Further, the study highlights the wide changes in stability and performance during the doping and annealing process of PSCs, resulting in less strain, size reduction, moisture, chemical bonding, and chances of short circuits, which were overlooked in past studies. Furthermore, this review provides the role of new novel materials, their fabrication techniques, and architecture for obtaining the stable ABX 3 structure for resolving the issues and radically reviewing the challenges and opportunities of PSCs.