Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as multifunctional nanomaterials in the food industry over the last few years. As an essential micronutrient fortifier to an active antimicrobial agent of smart food packaging, ZnO NPs are now widely used. Their nanoscale size and unique surface properties offer enhanced bioavailability and the ability to destroy microbial growth in food items. These food additives thus improve the shelf life, nutritional value, and food quality. However, several current research studies have raised safety concerns about these nano-sized particles among food companies and food regulatory authorities, which demand a serious reassessment of their toxicological effects on human health. In this regard, it is already proved that depending on the particle size, dose of application, solubility properties, surface characteristics, and UV light exposure duration, ZnO NPs can induce significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in both in vitro and in vivo models. This chapter highlights the dual role of ZnO NPs as both essential food additives and effective packaging ingredients. The toxicological profile of NPs, especially in biological systems, is explained, with mechanistic support based on recent scientific findings. Finally, the chapter discusses the crucial role of global food quality control authorities in enforcing and ensuring safety standards of various food products fortified with these NPs.