Integrating geophysics into geotechnical workflows: Principles, practices, and pitfalls

Near-surface geophysical methods have emerged as powerful tools to complement traditional geotechnical investigations, offering continuous subsurface information across large areas with minimal disruption. This paper explores the principles behind effective integration of geophysical techniques- such as Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI), Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), tomography, and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)- into geotechnical workflows. Emphasis is placed on best practices for method selection, data interpretation, and correlation with geotechnical parameters. The discussion highlights common pitfalls, misconceptions, and limitations that practitioners should be mindful of, aiming to bridge the gap between geophysics and geotechnical engineering for more informed, efficient, and reliable site characterization.