MXene Composites for Biosensing

MXenes, a new category of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, have attracted considerable attention lately due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, extensive surface area, adjustable surface chemistry, and hydrophilic characteristics. The distinct characteristics of MXenes render them exceptionally appropriate for biosensing applications, where factors such as sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response times are essential. This chapter offers an in-depth examination of MXene composites in the context of biosensing, emphasizing the latest developments in material synthesis, functionalization techniques, and device integration. The synthesis techniques, including chemical etching, electrochemical methods, and molten salt etching, are examined in terms of their scalability and environmental implications. Additionally, this chapter investigates the modification of MXenes using polymers, metal nanoparticles, and biological molecules to improve their stability, biocompatibility, and detection capabilities. This study explores the application of MXene composites in electrochemical biosensors aimed at detecting glucose, DNA, and proteins. Additionally, it investigates their incorporation into optical sensing platforms, such as fluorescence, SERS, and plasmonic biosensors. The versatility of MXenes in the context of wearable and flexible biosensing devices is examined, focusing on the real-time, non-invasive tracking of biomarkers in sweat and epidermal fluids. Furthermore, we explore the possible incorporation of MXene-based sensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) to facilitate intelligent diagnostics and ongoing health monitoring. Ultimately, this chapter tackles contemporary challenges, including long-term stability, biocompatibility, and large-scale manufacturing, while delineating prospective research avenues. In summary, MXene composites offer a flexible and robust foundation for advancing high-performance biosensing technologies in the future.