Micronutrient Malnutrition

Micronutrient deficiency, referred to as “hidden hunger,” constitutes a widespread public health concern impacting more than two billion individuals worldwide. This chapter examines the contemporary status of micronutrient deficiencies, with a particular focus on iron, folate, vitamin B 12 , and zinc, especially among at-risk populations such as children, pregnant women, and economically disadvantaged groups. This chapter discusses the physiological importance of micronutrients and the repercussions of their deficiencies, which encompass anemia, hindered cognitive development, and negative pregnancy outcomes. It evaluates key public health strategies including food fortification and iron–folic acid supplementation programs, alongside the role of behavior change communication. Furthermore, it assesses global and national policies, including initiatives by WHO, UNICEF, FAO, and India’s National Nutrition Mission. Case studies showcasing effective interventions, including Golden Rice and India’s WIFS program, exemplify scalable solutions. Overall, this chapter underscores that eliminating micronutrient malnutrition demands a context-specific, and participatory framework combining science, policy, and community engagement for sustainable nutritional well-being.