Manufacture of Fortified Rice Kernels Using Extrusion Technology

Fortified rice kernels (FRK) have emerged as a strategic intervention strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Extrusion processing plays a significant role in the production of FRK at both the laboratory and commercial scales. It is a cost-effective technique that provides controlled operating parameters for good quality FRK manufacturing. This chapter discusses extrusion technology, including types of extruders (single- and twin-screw), critical parts (screw, barrel, die, cutter and heating/cooling systems), and operational strategies. It also emphasises the importance of selecting good quality raw ingredients with suitable particle size, composition, and stability to ensure maximum micronutrient retention and FRK quality. Further, the impact of operating process parameters (die and barrel temperature, extruder screw speed, and feed rate) and material properties is discussed. Additionally, the process optimisation is elaborated on through raw material characteristics, the effect of extrusion process parameters on product quality, the design of the experiment, and the optimisation approach. The extruder operation, cleaning, and troubleshooting are essential to maintain consistent FRK quality. Routine inspection and safety checks are required to keep the extruder system in proper functioning and order. The extrusion process significantly enhanced the quality of FRK and holds a promise for addressing the public health nutrition goals sustainably and efficiently.