Dynamic Task Allocation in Human–Autonomy Teaming

Until now, systems have been designed to address user needs, which is reflected in common systems engineering standards and handbooks. In these systems, the human is considered an external component or just an actor who acts at last time, when the event’s consequences exceed the scope of the system design, interacting with this system through human–machine interfaces. Today, with the emergence of automated systems, needs have evolved toward human–system collaboration and cooperation to achieve a common goal. Therefore, some human tasks can be delegated to the artificial intelligence (AI)-based system. This system can perform more dynamic functions/tasks in teamwork and taskwork than ever. AI-based systems are starting to be viewed as teammates rather than tools. For instance, they can increasingly participate in teamwork activities involving coordination, task reallocation, and continuous interaction with humans and other autonomous agents.